JPEG
Allow me, for a moment, to spend some time appreciating the venerable, amazing, JPEG. The twenty-five-year-old bag-of-algorithms that is ISO 10918 aka the JPEG standard has stood the test of time. So, how does it work? And what is it good for? JPEG compression carves an image up into 8x8-pixel-blocks, and then does something a little bit crazy to them, with a whole lot of math. It converts each block’s pixels—lists of R, G, and B values, mapped to sequential points in space—into a list of coefficients, used in equations which describe the block in terms of waves of energy. In technical terms, the JPEG compression algorithm translates an image’s information from the spatial domain to the frequency domain. Practically, this means that JPEG is very good at compressing continuous-tone images: images with a tremendous number of colors, and smooth transitions between them. In other words, JPEG assumes that your image is going to look more or less like a photograph. Conversely, the JPEG format is terrible at compressing images with crisp edges or high-energy, noisy textures—it’ll put rings around sharp edges and blur out fine detail. In order to compress these images well, we to employ different compression algorithms. Enter our next format:GIF
In the early days of the web, if an image wasn’t a JPEG, it was a GIF. The GIF format uses the LZW compression algorithm, which is far simpler than JPEG’s mathemagic. Essentially, the LZW algorithm scans over your image data and generates very short codes for the parts of it that repeat; LZW shortens repetition. Which means that the GIF format is good at compressing images that have large chunks of identical or repetitive data. Images that only have a few colors, in broad swaths, with sharp transitions between them can be stored efficiently and losslessly as GIFs. And even though it’s a simple format, GIF sports a pair of fancy features: transparency and animation. But… GIF is terrible at compressing things that have even a moderate number of colors; heck, the format has a baked-in, hard, 256-color limit. Converting an image with more than that number of colors into a GIF results in lossy posterization, which looks awful. In short, GIF and JPEG have opposite and complementary strengths. They made a killer team in the web’s early days. But unresolved patent questions surrounding the LZW algorithm inspired a few very smart individuals to take a second crack at designing a lossless image format for the web.PNG
PNG excels with the same sorts of images that GIF does, and brings a few added benefits:- No 256 color limit
- Alpha channel transparency (so a pixel can be partially-transparent, and not simply all-transparent or fully-opaque)
- In all but a few edge cases, superior compression
The next generation
As of this writing, those three formats—JPEG, GIF, and PNG—are the only image formats with universal support. Which is to say, they’re the only formats that developers can actually use. But new, cutting edge formats are already here—and they’re spectacular.WebP
WebP is an offshoot of Google’s WebM video format; the core of it’s compression strategy is predictive, which is to say, it takes the simple predictive strategy used by the PNG format to the next level. WebP uses one of up to sixteen different prediction strategies for every (variable-sized) block in the image, and can optionally either losslessly or lossily compress the residual difference between the predicted and actual values. The format’s relative complexity provides it with a lot of flexibility; it’s good for a wide variety of imagery (both graphic, if you choose its lossless settings, and photographic, if you go lossy), with (generally) better compression than either PNG or JPEG. But, it’s Google’s format and it is only supported in Chrome at the moment.JPEG-XR
Microsoft’s next-gen-format-of-choice, JPEG-XR layers a bunch of new techniques on top of the basic mechanics of JPEG compression, enabling:- Lossless compression
- More efficient lossy compression
- Alpha-channel semi-transparency
How to use the formats of tomorrow, today
Is there any way for us to use these next-gen formats, right now? There is! New markup allows developers to supply the same image in multiple formats, and lets the browser decide which one to load out of the bunch. Unfortunately, this markup can get a little complex:<picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="sunset.wepb" /> <source type="image/vnd.ms-photo" srcset="sunset.jxr" /> <img src="sunset.jpg" alt="A colorful sunset" /> </picture>Fortunately, there’s another way forward. Front-end engineers can shift this complexity to the back-end, employing smart servers that can send different users different resources from the same URL. Using a service like Cloudinary, developers can deploy dynamic, adaptively-compressed images by adding a few simple characters to their URLs. Stick f_auto onto a Cloudinary URL, and you get adaptability without adding any complexity. The picture markup above boils back down to:
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/eric-cloudinary/image/upload/f_auto/sunset" alt="A colorful sunset" />How does this work? Turns out, clients tell servers which formats they support when they request image resources from servers. A smart server, then, can send different clients different resources, based on the information contained within their requests. And that’s not all that a smart server can do–when you tack on a q_auto too, Cloudinary will automatically figure out not only which format will work best for each client, but also which specific compression settings will work well for your particular image, saving you from having to remember anything at all about each formats’ complex internal workings. So! Stop reading, and sign up for a free account today. [-- This is an advertorial post on behalf of Cloudinary --]
WDD Staff
WDD staff are proud to be able to bring you this daily blog about web design and development. If there's something you think we should be talking about let us know @DesignerDepot.
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